Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Sialic acid exacerbates polycystic ovary syndrome in mice by modulating gut microbiota-mediated bile acid metabolism and FXR activation

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-71365-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: A , B Fecal bile acid profiles (n = 5 mice per group). C , D Fecal bile acid profiles in PCOS patients and controls ( n = 16 individuals per group). Fecal BSH activity in the Neu5Ac- ( E ) and L. sa -treated mice ( F , n = 5 mice per group), and PCOS patients ( G , n = 16 individuals per group). H Correlations between fecal Neu5Ac levels, L. sa abundance, and stool bile acid levels in PCOS patients, as determined by Spearman’s rank correlation test. I Schematic diagram illustrating the experimental design of TUDCA treatment. J GTT and ITT assays ( n = 5 mice per group). GTT: # p = 0.0229 (30 min), and ## p = 0.0013 (60 min) for TUDCA + Neu5Ac + DHEA vs Neu5Ac + DHEA. ITT: # p = 0.0473 (60 min), # p = 0.0246 (90 min), and # p = 0.0300 (120 min) for TUDCA + Neu5Ac + DHEA vs Neu5Ac + DHEA. K Representative H&E-stained images (scale bar: 200 μm). L Quantification of cystic follicles and corpora lutea ( n = 5 mice per group). M Schematic diagram illustrating the experimental design of BSH inhibition using caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). N GTT and ITT assays ( n = 5 mice per group). ITT: # p = 0.0479 (15 min) for CAPE + Neu5Ac + DHEA vs Neu5Ac + DHEA. O Representative H&E-stained images (scale bar: 200 μm). P Quantification of cystic follicles and corpora lutea ( n = 5 mice per group). Data are presented as mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test ( A , B , E , F , L , and P ), and two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test ( C , D , and G ), and two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple-comparisons correction ( J and N ) were performed.

Article Snippet: For BSH inhibition, mice were treated with caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) (75 mg/kg/day, HY-N0274, MCE) for 21 days .

Techniques: Activity Assay, Staining, Inhibition, Two Tailed Test